| Geography | India | Top of Page |
| Location: |   Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan |
| Geographic coordinates: | 20 00 N, 77 00 E |
| Map references: | Asia |
| Area: |  total: 3,287,590 sq km land: 2,973,190 sq km water: 314,400 sq km |
| Area - comparative: | slightly more than one-third the size of the US |
| Land boundaries: | total: 14,103 km border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km |
| Coastline: | 7,000 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin |
| Climate: | varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north |
| Terrain: | upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m |
| Natural resources: | coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land |
| Land use: | arable land: 48.83% permanent crops: 2.8% other: 48.37% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 558,080 sq km (2003) |
| Total renewable water resources: | 1,907.8 cu km (1999) |
| Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): | total: 645.84 cu km/yr (8%/5%/86%) per capita: 585 cu m/yr (2000) |
| Natural hazards: | droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes |
| Environment - current issues: | deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources |
| Environment - international agreements: | party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Geography - note: | dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal |
| People | India | Top of Page |
| Population: | 1,147,995,898 (July 2008 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 31.5% (male 189,238,487/female 172,168,306) 15-64 years: 63.3% (male 374,157,581/female 352,868,003) 65 years and over: 5.2% (male 28,285,796/female 31,277,725) (2008 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 25.1 years male: 24.7 years female: 25.5 years (2008 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 1.578% (2008 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 22.22 births/1,000 population (2008 est.) |
| Death rate: | 6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 32.31 deaths/1,000 live births male: 36.94 deaths/1,000 live births female: 27.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 69.25 years male: 66.87 years female: 71.9 years (2008 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 2.76 children born/woman (2008 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.9% (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 5.1 million (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 310,000 (2001 est.) |
| Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2008) |
| Nationality: | noun: Indian(s) adjective: Indian |
| Ethnic groups: | Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000) |
| Religions: | Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census) |
| Languages: | English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 21 other official languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanscrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 61% male: 73.4% female: 47.8% (2001 census) |
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